To suggest that the stutterer is simply repressed by power (be it societal or bodily) is to deny his agency, his ability to resist power.
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In our zeal to resist medical conceptions of stuttering do we just substitute one normalizing litmus test for another?
By rejecting fluency in and of itself or by asking whether forms of knowledge are consistent with our favorite model of disability, what ways of being do we disqualify?
I’m not comfortable telling another stutterer how to think/feel about their stuttering.
Stutterers are always already resisting how they are constituted.
How are they currently resisting societal demands for fluency?
How are they currently resisting their body’s demands for effortful speech?
Rather than see therapy as a means to liberate the self (be it fluent or stuttered) I suggest we see it as an exploration of the stutterer’s resistance and agency.
We explore how the stutterer has been constituted not to determine who they must be but to determine who they do not have to be.
We explore how they got here but leave where they’re going up to them.
In my clinical experience, most stutterers value both an increase in their ability to resist societal pressures to speak fluently and an increase in fluency, or at least easier stuttering.
In our zeal to resist medical conceptions of stuttering do we just substitute one normalizing litmus test for another?
By rejecting fluency in and of itself or by asking whether forms of knowledge are consistent with our favorite model of disability, what ways of being do we disqualify?
I’m not comfortable telling another stutterer how to think/feel about their stuttering.
Stutterers are always already resisting how they are constituted.
How are they currently resisting societal demands for fluency?
How are they currently resisting their body’s demands for effortful speech?
Rather than see therapy as a means to liberate the self (be it fluent or stuttered) I suggest we see it as an exploration of the stutterer’s resistance and agency.
We explore how the stutterer has been constituted not to determine who they must be but to determine who they do not have to be.
We explore how they got here but leave where they’re going up to them.
In my clinical experience, most stutterers value both an increase in their ability to resist societal pressures to speak fluently and an increase in fluency, or at least easier stuttering.
Rethinking covert stuttering (Constantino, Manning, Nordstrom, 2017)
- How do people who pass as fluent constitute themselves?
- Expected a straightforward study of ableism and repression.
- Got stories of resistance and agency.
- Participants did not see why stuttering was any more authentic than fluency.
- Passing is not repressed stuttering but a unique form of stuttering constituted by specific practices of self.
- Passing resists both how biology suggests a stutterer must talk and what privileges society says stutterers should have access to.
Rethinking covert stuttering (Constantino, Manning, Nordstrom, 2017)
- How do people who pass as fluent constitute themselves?
- Expected a straightforward study of ableism and repression.
- Got stories of resistance and agency.
- Participants did not see why stuttering was any more authentic than fluency.
- Passing is not repressed stuttering but a unique form of stuttering constituted by specific practices of self.
- Passing resists both how biology suggests a stutterer must talk and what privileges society says stutterers should have access to.
- Fluent ↔︎ Stuttered
- Medical models ↔︎ Social models
- Speech restructuring therapies ↔︎ Neurodiversity
<hr>
Authentic self as fluent
Authentic self is repressed by bodily power (pathology). We can liberate the self by restoring normal functioning.
- Behavioral therapy.
- Medication.
- Surgery.
<hr>
Authentic self as stuttered
Authentic self is repressed by social power (ableism). We can liberate the self by rejecting fluency.
- Stuttering pride.
- Activism.
- Creative expression.
- Identity is always relative.
<hr>
Identity is always relative
There is no true self to be emancipated, there is only different selves constituted through power relations.
I am constantly being encouraged to pluck out some one aspect of myself and present this as the meaningful whole, eclipsing or denying the other parts of self.
— Lorde (1984)
<hr>
A rejection of authenticity does not necessarily lead to determinism.
We are free in so far as we continuously rebelling against the ways in which we are already defined, categorized, and classified.
- Fluent ↔︎ Stuttered
- Medical models ↔︎ Social models
- Speech restructuring therapies ↔︎ Neurodiversity
<hr>
Authentic self as fluent
Authentic self is repressed by bodily power (pathology). We can liberate the self by restoring normal functioning.
- Behavioral therapy.
- Medication.
- Surgery.
<hr>
Authentic self as stuttered
Authentic self is repressed by social power (ableism). We can liberate the self by rejecting fluency.
- Stuttering pride.
- Activism.
- Creative expression.
- Identity is always relative.
<hr>
Identity is always relative
There is no true self to be emancipated, there is only different selves constituted through power relations.
I am constantly being encouraged to pluck out some one aspect of myself and present this as the meaningful whole, eclipsing or denying the other parts of self.
— Lorde (1984)
<hr>
A rejection of authenticity does not necessarily lead to determinism.
We are free in so far as we continuously rebelling against the ways in which we are already defined, categorized, and classified.
More than two in five adolescents reported often keeping their stuttering secret and a further one in five said they sometimes kept it secret.
— Erickson & Block (2013)
<hr>
I wanted to be different, I just didn’t want the difference to be stuttering.
— Client
More than two in five adolescents reported often keeping their stuttering secret and a further one in five said they sometimes kept it secret.
— Erickson & Block (2013)
<hr>
I wanted to be different, I just didn’t want the difference to be stuttering.
— Client
- What kinds of ‘narratives’/voices do we want?
- Resistance to narratives of recovery/overcoming.
- Narratives of the non-linear, the messy, the entangled?
- What kinds of ‘narratives’/voices do we want?
- Resistance to narratives of recovery/overcoming.
- Narratives of the non-linear, the messy, the entangled?
What is the fluent gaze? Can we see it in cinema? Is the gaze the right conception due to the auditory nature of stammering? Is there an oppositional gaze: a stammered/dysfluent gaze?
<hr>
‘The scene for the portrait is designed by a stammerer; photographed and painted by a stammerer; of a stammerer stammering. The stammered gaze.’ — Patrick Campbell
<hr>
Close-up of Dysfluent mono typeface, in use in Dysfluent magazine issue 1.
What is the fluent gaze? Can we see it in cinema? Is the gaze the right conception due to the auditory nature of stammering? Is there an oppositional gaze: a stammered/dysfluent gaze?
<hr>
‘The scene for the portrait is designed by a stammerer; photographed and painted by a stammerer; of a stammerer stammering. The stammered gaze.’ — Patrick Campbell
<hr>
Close-up of Dysfluent mono typeface, in use in Dysfluent magazine issue 1.
Self portrait stuttering. Oil on board 23 x 31cm. Painting by Paul Aston.
I have a stutter that has helped to shape my life in several ways. Recently I have started to accept my stutter as an integral part of what makes me who I am and feel really happy about it . I've been trying to find positive portraits of stuttering in art history and have drawn a blank so far so I thought I'd make my own. The inspiration came from Giovanni Bellini's 'St. Francis in the Desert' in the Frick collection. In this painting the saints head is thrown back while he receives the stigmata. It has a strangely familiar quality to me - that temporary loss of control over your body which looks similar to the experience of stuttering. I've attempted to create the atmosphere of this temporary loss of control in this piece.
Stammered Gaze. Portrait of Patrick Campbell Stammering. Oil on board 9 x 12 inches. Painting by Paul Aston.
Patrick is a Doctor and a co-author of 'Stammering Pride and Prejudice, Difference not Defect'. Here are Patrick's thoughts on the painting:
'I wanted this portrait to tell my story of stammering. Stammerers do not always get the chance to tell own their story. We are typically type-cast into the role of tragedy, inspiration or clown depending on what seems to best fit the occasion. The gaze of fluent people often decides how we are seen and perceived. Here, I wanted stammerers to take control of the lens/paintbrush.
I chose the location. A local park I love with cute dogs. I tried to stammer on the letter ‘P’. The letter has been a source of anguish over many years as I introduced myself, but these days I try to see stammering as a part of myself, a part of my identity. ‘P-P-Patrick’. I chose a jumper that (in theory) I own but my girlfriend spends more time wearing than me. This reflects that stammering is a shared experience, sometimes an intimate one, with others.
In the background, you may notice a magpie or two sitting among the birch trees. I wanted my northern routes to be a part of the picture as well as my stammer. The magpie is Paul’s representation of this (the symbol of Newcastle United Football Club). The birch trees are Paul’s idea too. A pioneer species that often starts off a new woodland. Make of that what you will, apparently the original black pines of the park were too difficult to integrate into the portrait.
The scene for the portrait is designed by a stammerer; photographed and painted by stammerer; of a stammerer stammering. The stammered gaze.'
- Campbell, P., Constantino, C., Simpson, S. (Eds) (2019) Stammering: Pride & Prejudice. Surrey, UK: J & R Press.
Self portrait stuttering. Oil on board 23 x 31cm. Painting by Paul Aston.
I have a stutter that has helped to shape my life in several ways. Recently I have started to accept my stutter as an integral part of what makes me who I am and feel really happy about it . I've been trying to find positive portraits of stuttering in art history and have drawn a blank so far so I thought I'd make my own. The inspiration came from Giovanni Bellini's 'St. Francis in the Desert' in the Frick collection. In this painting the saints head is thrown back while he receives the stigmata. It has a strangely familiar quality to me - that temporary loss of control over your body which looks similar to the experience of stuttering. I've attempted to create the atmosphere of this temporary loss of control in this piece.
Stammered Gaze. Portrait of Patrick Campbell Stammering. Oil on board 9 x 12 inches. Painting by Paul Aston.
Patrick is a Doctor and a co-author of 'Stammering Pride and Prejudice, Difference not Defect'. Here are Patrick's thoughts on the painting:
'I wanted this portrait to tell my story of stammering. Stammerers do not always get the chance to tell own their story. We are typically type-cast into the role of tragedy, inspiration or clown depending on what seems to best fit the occasion. The gaze of fluent people often decides how we are seen and perceived. Here, I wanted stammerers to take control of the lens/paintbrush.
I chose the location. A local park I love with cute dogs. I tried to stammer on the letter ‘P’. The letter has been a source of anguish over many years as I introduced myself, but these days I try to see stammering as a part of myself, a part of my identity. ‘P-P-Patrick’. I chose a jumper that (in theory) I own but my girlfriend spends more time wearing than me. This reflects that stammering is a shared experience, sometimes an intimate one, with others.
In the background, you may notice a magpie or two sitting among the birch trees. I wanted my northern routes to be a part of the picture as well as my stammer. The magpie is Paul’s representation of this (the symbol of Newcastle United Football Club). The birch trees are Paul’s idea too. A pioneer species that often starts off a new woodland. Make of that what you will, apparently the original black pines of the park were too difficult to integrate into the portrait.
The scene for the portrait is designed by a stammerer; photographed and painted by stammerer; of a stammerer stammering. The stammered gaze.'
- Campbell, P., Constantino, C., Simpson, S. (Eds) (2019) Stammering: Pride & Prejudice. Surrey, UK: J & R Press.